This paper examines the background to the enthronement in 1707 of the new Sixth Dalai Lama, ngag dbang ye shes rgya mtsho, by Lhazang Khan, by considering it as part of the conflict between Lhazang Khan and the chiefs of the Qinghai Khoshuts. Although earlier studies have recognized that the chiefs of the Qinghai Khoshuts opposed Lhazang Khan because of his arbitrary selection of the new Sixth Dalai Lama, it has to be pointed out that their opposition had in fact begun before this event. In 1706, when Lhazang Khan began to control the government of the Dalai Lama, government finances were limited. Since Lhazang Khan had no firm basis of authority in Tibet, he tried to collect the taxes that the chiefs of the Qinghai Khoshuts levied in bar khams, the center of Eastern Tibet. Lhazang Khan asked the Qing court to force the chiefs of the Qinghai Khoshuts to present the taxes raised in bar khams to the new Sixth Dalai Lama, who was born in bar khams. Because of Lhazang Khan's actions, in 1714, the chiefs of the Qinghai Khoshuts enthroned another Dalai Lama from Eastern Tibet, skal bzang rgya mtsho. They opposed Lhazang Khan and the new Sixth Dalai Lama by presenting the taxes to skal bzang rgya mtsho. These facts suggest that each party enthroned a Dalai Lama born in Eastern Tibet for the purpose of securing their own interests in that area.

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After the declaration of independence on December 1^<st>, 1911, unifying the Mongols, who had been under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, became one of the most important issues for the Bogd Khaan government. This new government was established on December 29^<th>, 1911, and elevated 8^<th> Jebtsundamba Khutagt as the Bogd Khaan (Holy Emperor). The relationship between the Bogd Khaan government and Inner Mongolia, Holonbuir and Tannu Urianhai, which were adjacent to Outer Mongolia, has been widely discussed by scholars. However, as far as I can verify, there have been few studies on the relationship between the Bogd Khaan government and the Qinghai Mongols, who were the part of the "Mongols" in the Qing period. It is true that the Qinghai Mongols were far from Ikh Khuree, the capital of the Bogd Khaan government. They were, however, located between Outer Mongolia and Tibet, and had a strong historical connection with both of these countries, which were seeking independence. Therefore, it is to be expected that they still had contact with the Bogd Khaan government in some way. If so, how did the Bogd Khaan government manage the distant exclave of Qinghai? This article will clarify the relationship between the Bogd Khaan government and the Qinghai Mongols in the early 20^<th> century, using newly found archival documents written in Mongolian.

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This paper focuses on Mongyol-un sonin bicig, the first printed newspaper in the Mongolian language, published in the early 20^<th> century under Qing rule. By examining the context of its publication and the characteristics of its narrative, I will show that while Mongyol-un sonin bicig was published under the supervision of Russian editors and included advertisements that appealed to Russian merchants, several significant Mongolian intellectuals such as Almasocir and Qayisan, who were involved in the editing process, were using the paper as a medium to call for the Mongolian royalty and nobility to strengthen their consciousness of 'Mongolian fellowship'.

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From the first half of the Qing period, fishing prospered in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, especially in the basins of the Nen and Songhua rivers. The government of Mongol Banners levied a rent on the fishermen who did not belong to the Mongols under the rule of Banners, wherever they resided. The fishing rent and ground rent composed the main part of the financial revenue of the Mongol Banners. However, from the end of the Qing period till the early Manchukuo period, conflicts concerning fishing rent arose frequently between the Banner and Ting, or county that had been established in the cultivated area of the Banners. In 1938, the government of Manchukuo carried out the "Meng di feng shang" policy to unify the land system with the tax system. Under these circumstances, the fishing rent and ground rent were abolished and transformed into local tax for the county.

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