Cartograms are tools that show the spatial distribution of data by the transformation of map shapes, and they are considered as effective visualization tools for statistical data. In this paper, we focus on cartograms because they are capable of developing statistical GIS, and we propose cartogram construction algorithms. First, we establish the following principles for algorithm development I. Describe cartogram construction problems by the linear least squares method to simplify and elucidate algorithms. II. Regularize the problems through restrictions on the bearing changes of the edges in order to obtain visually clear cartograms in which the shapes of resultant regions resemble the corresponding shapes on geographical maps. Then, according to the principles, we propose construction algorithms for three types of cartograms and illustrate their applicability to the visualization of statistical data.

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This paper was concerned with “the vulgarity of the masses” that is regarded as a mental disposition of an individual, which might be of relevance to the issue of consensus building and public acceptance in an infrastructure planning process.Based upon Ortega's Political Philosophy, it was hypothesized that if people bacame vulgar, social consensus around public works would become difficult to be achieved, even if government's policy did not change at all. In order to test this hypothesis, we implemented a questionnaire survey. The obtained data statistically supported the hypothesis, and it was indicated that the masses might disturb consensus building for public works.

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The purpose of this paper is to explore the psychological factors that affect people's attitudes toward public works. For this purpose, based on previous research, we investigated causal relationships about the psychological factors that affect public opinion toward public works through a nationwide survey (N=15316). As a result, it was shown that “ awareness of public opinion ”, “ opinion of others ”, “ cognition of negative/positive points of view about public works ” and “ attitudes of mass media ” influence the individual's attitudes. The result of the analysis indicated that the psychological causal relationships suggested by the previous study exist nationwide. In addition, we found that “ trust in public administrators ” might be also an important factor influencing the public attitudes

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The practical field of evaluation of transport development is confusing recently because of difference of assumptions and simulation results between existing regional econometric model and spatial general equilibrium (SCGE) model In this paper, multi regional econometric model considering inter-industry relationship and NEG (New Economic Geography) type computable general equilibrium model are developed, and empirical analysis for an expressway project with the same data set are conducted. As a result, it is found that simulation results by these models have similar tendency. Considering the result and other features of the models, we propose a practical evaluation method of transport projects.

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The existing highways in Japan are planned and designed based on the specifications determined in the past. However, economy and improvement of traffic-performance quality are demanded in the highways recently, and the authors have been advocating traffic-performance-oriented highway planning and design. In this paper, a methodology to estimate the traffic-performance of a planned inter-city highway throughout a year was established, and a traffic-performance-oriented highway planning and design methodology was proposed. This methodology provides several options of road crosssectional design for a planned highway, and makes it possible to adopt the most economical and best performing road structure and traffic operation option based on the latest knowledge

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In this Paper, the cognition of level of service of public transport is analyzed using Kofu Person Trip Survey, in which there are questions about the cognitive distance of access to the nearest station and bus stop.The statistical analysis showed existence of systematic biases between actual distance and cognitive distance. In the attached survey in Kofu Person Trip Survey, the anticipated fare of train or bus was also asked to the respondents. There is no systematic bias in the anticipated fare, however, the errors of anticipated bus fare were larger than that of train fare.

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In this paper, the independent disaster preparedness behavior model which describes a residents' preparednes against the flood disaster, was built based on the questionnaire survey in our precedence research. The ind ependent disaster preparedness behavior model predicts the level of 15 kinds of preparedness against the flood disaster from residents' attribute by using a fuzzy reasoning that can take fuzziness and logicalness. As are sult of analyzing seven kinds of promotion measures for independent preparedness by using the independent disaster preparedness behavior model, it was shown that the measure of “Participation in the disaster prevention drill at a school” is the most effective. Moreover, it was clarified that a more effective effect is expected by extracting the participating household through the analysis in assumption which changed the rate of participation in a measure.

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In this research, in order to investigate possible optimization of combustible waste collection and transportation process, simulation, which can simultaneously search for optimal collection and transportation routes, as well as disposal facilities locations, was constructed. By using this simulation, optimal plans for combustible waste collection and transportation, and accompanied CO₂ emissions were compared for the several different scenarios in Okayama and Taman cities, both of which have different waste processing systems. Results showed possibility of area-wide scenario to reduce waste management cost. Additionally, it was shown that introduction of relay transportation results in the increase of both waste management cost and CO₂ emissions.

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In this paper, I lectured about positioning of the investigation about the CS that was an outcome index, a summary of the investigation, analysis, connection with the business plan, a future problem in a expressway business. As a result, the following thing became clear. It is very likely that the information-related item is tied to CS improvement influence degree to the CS is big and by performing a business in CS value being low with precedence. I can perform a business operation the needs of the customer can choose an adapted important point measure among CS findings and to be based for a PDCA cycle. It is necessary to improve with precision in spite of being a combination with the other questionary survey because but there is a limit by schooling about the web investigation.

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In this paper, to evaluate individual's service level for traffic, the quality of the mobility was defined as QOM. And, it proposes the model by whom QOM is evaluated by the capability approach of Amartya Sen. This model is composed by a model of the possibility of the mobility and a model selected of the mobility. In addition, QOM in the present and the future is analyzed in Yamaga City, it is forecast that the traffic service level will decrease, and this difference will expand in the future

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In this paper, the decrease of safety and the comfort caused by deterioration of pavement and the cost generated by detour caused when the road pavement was repaired were defined as a user cost, and the influence given to LCC and the best repair strategy was analyzed.
The Conjoint analysis was used for the evaluation of safety and the comfort. Especially, even if it was same MCI, MCI showed that WTP was different according to the state of deterioration (crack rate and amount of rut) in 5.0 or less. Moreover, the trial calculation that used the virtual road network was done. Under the situation with a little traffic, the cost of repairing the defect is predominant about LCC. However, the best repair level rises under the situation that has a lot of traffic than the city part. As a result, it was shown that there was a possibility of influencing the repair strategy.

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In this Paper, a simulation model to evaluate disaster medical conveyance system for wide area disaster was developed and simulated on Shizuoka City using data of estimation of Tokai Earthquake. This simulation model using spatial data of spatial, fire station, roads and so on is able to evaluate the efficiency of medical conveyance system. The effectiveness of information sharing between ambulance and hospitals, and triage on the site to shorten conveyance time and treatment time was analyzed. As a result, the importance of information sharing combining with the usage of triage was found to improve the efficiency of disaster medical conveyance system.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental load excess ratios at the district-scale in urban areas based on the Ecological Footprint index, and considering characteristics of activities in the district. Result of analysis showed that, the environmental load excess ratios are more than 100 times greater, not only in the central areas and areas along the railroad, but also in the suburban areas close to the main highways. In the contrast, in the rural district areas, environmental load excess ratios were found to be less than 1.0 times greater.

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The haze warning systems, which are designed to monitor the quantity of the air pollutants on real time, is required to minimize the damages caused by the forest fires occurred in Sumatra Island in Indonesia. This study purposes to develop the statistical sub-model to predict the occurrence and termination of wild fire, used in the statistical haze warning system developed in previous study. The spatial duration model system considering the temporal and local characteristics in each spot was applied to the forest fire data. The prediction test showed that the fire occurrence model do not perform enough to fulfill the required accuracy, while the fire distinguish model does enough.

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In this paper, a performance-based contract model is developed to analyze the effect of the PB contract in procuring public projects on the contractors' incentives for technological innovation and for moral hazard. Considering the variety of technical needs of construction works, we have pointed out that the PB contract fosters the matching the technical needs of each work and the contractor endowproven that such a mathichg mechanism motivates the contractor to develop new technologies. Moreover, we have pointed out that the role of performance tests in preventing the contractors' moral hazard for excess cost saving by introducing unreliable new technology.

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Road pricing is regarded as the most effective measure to solve the traffic congestion in urban area. However, the difficulty of forming a public consensus has become an obstacle to implementation of road pricing. This study analyses the difference on public acceptability between road pricing and parking deposit system (PDS). Using questionnaire survey data from visitors in Nagoya city area, we established approval or disapproval choice model and analyzed agreement rate under social interaction situation. As a result, it was shown that PDS could improve the social acceptability of road pricing.

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In this study, the transportation questionnaire surveys, which were for railway passengers, with the response way by mail, PC web or mobile phone web were carried out. And, the characteristics and reliabilities of the samples by ways were analyzed.
As the results of these analyses, it is clarified that applying the web response method are effective. But there are some biases between the sample and population of the surveys, then, it is important to have additional survey on nature of the population.

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There are many studies about the assessment of sustainability in various fields to keep Earth's sustainability. To keep Sustainable Transportation, we need knowing circumstances of region about transportation sector. This paper proposes sustainability index about transportation condition in cities. At first, it is reviewed and learned about index of sustainability and sustainable transportation. Next, sustainability index about urban transportation system is arranged with the review list.

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This paper concerns with analysis on effect of the life stages on migration of population. To focus on the life stages, we applied the Census statistics of migration in 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, which provide changes of migration of population in all prefectures, and urban migration in terms of school entries and enter employments. Additionally, we have found the most migratory age groups from urban areas to regional areas are 25 to 29-year-old generation and 60 to 64-year-old generation. The direction of the regional policy is also considered.

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One of main causes of commercial hollowing out of city centers is claimed to be the transportation improvements in outskirts areas like loop line. But few theoretical studies have been proposed to analyze the relation between commercial hollowing and transportation improvements. This paper presents the spatial competition model with central and outskirt commercial areas and show the relationship between commercial hollowing out of city and transportation improvements. In our model, improvement of radial line contributes development of city centers whereas improvement of loop line does not always promote commercial hollowing out of city.

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For the asset management of sewage facilities, water needs to be discharged from the disposal tank to carry out inspection or repair. Therefore, to inspect or repair the system, it is necessary to suspend the operation of the sewage disposal tank temporarily, and so the inspection or repair work should be finished swiftly. Accordingly, if some damage is detected during inspection, it is repaired immediately. In addition, it is not easy to obtain the information on the deterioration state of the concrete plates of the disposal tank, and so in many cases, available information is limited to that on the repair amount for damage type (the information on damage area). This study constructs a model while assuming that the deterioration process of sewage facilities with the above mentioned characteristics follows the aggregative Markov process, and proposes the optimum inspection/repair model for estimating the inspection/repair cycle that minimizes the expected lifecycle cost. The paper concludes by illustrating the importance of preventive policies based upon a case study dealing with the actual sewage disposal facilities.

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This research clarifies contents and points for revision of the Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS) in England and investigates how it revised in the planning practice in East of England Region. Furthermore, thoughtful devising and problems of the RSS revision process are investigated to obtain lessons for Japan planning system from the viewpoints of following, 1) consistency with each plan in planning system, 2) how should proposal of projects are located in the spatial strategy, 3) division of roles between nation and local govemments in the planning process and 4) how should design public participate process so as to improve procedural justice.

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Special zones sysytem for structural reform is very effective system for the promotion of regulatory reform. However, the number of proposals and that of daring proposals have been decreasing. We point out that there are extemal effects among processes constituting the special zones system and these extemal effects are the causes of the decrease in proposals. We formulate the mechanism of the special zonse system as an incomplete information game. Through the model analysis, we investigate the impacts of the changing the process in the specail zones system.

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In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Social Optimal (DSO) migration model under economic uncertainty. The proposed migration model attempts to maximize expected net present value of the sum of consumer utility by controlling amount of migration flow. We show that the optimal migration strategy takes the form of impulse control that depends on population and transportation cost. Comparing the equilibrium migration flow with the optimal one, we find that the direction of equilibrium migration flow is opposite to the direction of optimal one for medium transportation cost.

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This paper develops the methodology for consistent measurement of economic loss caused by natural hazards with a two sector economic growth model. Especially, cascade effect, which results from interdependency between industrial sectors after natural disaster events, is one of the important factors expanding the total economic loss. So this research focuses on the methodology for consistent measurement of economic loss including the effect. It is shown that, in the case that capital is damaged in industry sectors from natural disaster, sum of the differences of discounted cash-flow in industrial sectors is consistent measure as total economic loss.

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In order to analyze the relationship between living assessment and evaluation on living environments, the method is proposed in this paper, in which an asymmetry structure of the evaluations is grasped and the degree of satisfaction on living environments is simultaneously taken into account. Moreover, a new idea to treat “Fair” significantly is introduced for quantifying the degree of satisfaction. The questionnaire conducted by Okazaki City was analyzed by this method and living environments were classified into some groups based on the structure of evaluations. Furthermore, the effect of improvement of living environments on the living assessment was estimated with the evaluation structure model. As a result, the group yielding the most effectiveness on living assessment was clarified.

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The current paper discusses a frame work by the basic principal-agent approach that promotes private companies' proposals to a PFI (Private Finance Initiative) project in Japan. The authors confirm that there is the most effective compensation set which is provided to a private company both in successful or fail case respectively. The compensations give a incentive for companies to propose new idea and make efforts to increase public benefit as well as their own profits.

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This paper examines a payment plan to prevent inspectors taking moral hazard actions in delegation of design inspection. It is shown that an inspector should receive an additional reward when he detects faults of a design drawing in the case that a design drawing is inspected by one inspector. In addition, it is shown that the proper reward and punishment based on inspection results is effective in the case that a design drawing is inspected by two inspectors. At last, as a result of the numerical analysis, it is shown that two inspectors' inspection is more preferable than one inspector's inspection when the social loss in missing the defectiveness is relatively large.

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In this paper, a comparative analysis of expenditure at a shopping area between car-using visitors and non-car using visitors was conducted. The result showed that the estimated yeary expenditure in the shopping area of non-car using visitors was higher than that of car-sing visitors. This result was due to negative correlation between the visiting frequency of car using visitors and their expenditure per day.

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District residents know well about the problems faced by their own district. However, it is not easy to bring on a concrete discussion concerning space configuration. The space image drawn in each person's mind is different, and therefore, it is difficult to arrive at a consensus building. In this study, it was clarified by an experiment that one's memory can be incorrect, even for someplace quite familiar. Moreover, it was also clarified that the understanding of the space configuration could be deepened by presenting visual information.

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Recently, social capital is pointed out for its importance in reproduction of thecommunity function. Through this research, the person with a high social capital formation degree has understood there is a general relation with a high importance degree to the city planning measure, too. Moreover, it was clarified to relate to the idea to the city planning from the participation activity more strongly the boast and reliability to the region whether were deep the relation to the importance degree of city planning consideration, and very caught the region from the participation activity.

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In the view of the changing social needs in recent years, appropriate strategic management is required from local government. Place branding provides a useful way of regional management. The purpose of this research is to clearly define the future tasks by understanding the present situation of local government's place brand policy.
Firstly, we conduct a survey on identifying whether a region has a place brand policy and compare its characteristics. Then, for the region with place brand policy, we classify 4 types of local governments based on its differences in policies and perfonnances.

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The purpose of this study is to organize criminal information from the viewpoint of CPTED, and to demonstrate criminogenic characteristic through the analysis of relationship between snatch crime and urban structure at Hitachi-city, in lbaraki-prefecture. Followings are the main findings of this study. First, occurrence of snatch is influenced by household density, population density, financial institution, railway stations, and police stations. Second, the criminals value the existence of vacant land and side walk on the street. Finally, snatch types are classified into four categories that correlate to four different urban structures in using cluster analysis.

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The remainder space is caused by the road improvement construction. It is naturally born, and has the awkward shape. And, the operation of the location and the area is difficult. Therefore, it is high the possibility for the point aimed at not to be found, and not to be used effectively. Then, it paid attention to this in this research. It was thought that it was necessary to locate it to the city again. The relation to an environment that its feature, maintenance, and was peripheral was analyzed, and the extraction of the point aimed at in maintenance was tried.

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In order to clarify the characteristics of sightseeing spots expected as the broader sightseeing area, this study statistically analyzed the impact of neighbor sightseeing resources on the sightseeing passenger flow, and on the local accommodation capacity. The estimated models showed that the number of museum has the significant positive impact on passenger flow and accommodation capacity, while the number of hot spring in neighbor areas negatively influence. The national nature reserved park and special historical districts can be developed to the accommodated sightseeing area, if these areas effectively cooperate with the neighbor areas.

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As for the impact of the place attachment, because it has studied mainly in other fields including environmental psychology or sociology, it has not yet well investigated factors concerned about planning of public works. With this recognition, we tried to examine the relationship between place attachment and some relative item with infrastructure planning, such as cooperative behavior in the community, based on the questionnaire survey. The result showed correlation between place attachment and positive attitude toward cooperative behavior in neighborhood and trust in the government.

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In making a regional plan, it is important to incorporate the future economic condition and regional structure. At present, the study area, San-en region in Japan, trans-border cooperation has been being active, thus the construction of a regional plan emphasizing the promotion of economic activities and efficient land use is a significant issue. This article focuses upon the improvement of the road networks in the study area including construction of new trunk roads, and then aims at developing an integrated transport and economic model to measure the economic impacts of new road construction. By applying this model, this paper attempts to measure the transport and economic impacts of the future plan of road network improvement.

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The social experiments of cooperative operation systems of parking lots have been performed in th e central area of Miyazaki city. This paper aims to evaluate the social experiment processes and the role of the committee consisted with several stakeholders from the view point of project management skills.
The results are shown as follows: 1) the committee has been playing a very important role of management, 2) project management skills are very effective for starting and developing the cooperative operation system, and 3) PCDA cycle is workable for managing and they solved some issues and problems information and human resource managements.

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This study aims to evaluate the influence of public transportation introduced for access to suburban large scale shopping complex in mode choice for shopping trip in local cities. The result shows that public transportation for the access to suburban large scale shopping complex has varieties of example cases and high LOS case. On the other side, the access cost of public transportation use is higher than that of car use, and, in local cities, car use is chosen in shopping trip whether travel time of alternative mode is short or not.

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This paper deals with issues on “Walkable Communities” based on walking accessibility in the early-developed area of Tama New Town, Tokyo. Firstly, we introduced an Integrated Walking Accessibility Index (IWAI) and examined the characteristics in its spatial distribution and its relationship with travel behavior of residents, showing that the high level of IWAI can stimulate walking. Secondly, we studied the effectiveness and necessity of measures to improve accessibility level, such as relocation of a neighborhood center and introduction of a new bus service, in an area where IWAI and other indices indicate lower accessibility.

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An analysis framework to protect the occurrence of the housing supply-demand mismatch along with the progress of population declining and aging is proposed. The features of the framework are 1) It enable the analysis of distribution of the supply-demand mismatch. 2) It can consider the best supply strategy from the viewpoint of the social surplus by introducing the housing market model. It also has been applied to Aichi prefecture to forecast the situation in 2025. The results suggest that. a) In all area, it is necessary to promote the conversion of existing stock from for young family household to for aging single or couple households, b) In the central area, it is necessary to increase the amount of the supply as a whole mainly for aging single household.

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We address the storage planning for transshipment containers at the tenninal where the mega-containership calls. In this paper, we assume that the container flow is one way from the mega-containership to feeders without considering them from feeders to the mega-containership.From the results, we can get the service time including waiting for feeders by our proposed approach is shorter than those by other strategies as minimizing handling time and assigning mega-containership exclusively. And we can show the difference of effectiveness by our proposed approach from other strategies depends on mega-containership arrivals, terminal layouts and the congestion by feeders' staying.

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This paper focuses on supply chain network equilibrium modeling and formulates the case of four agents, including manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The performance of the model was firstly investigated, and then the effects of urban logistics policies, such as advanced vehicle routing and scheduling systems and access restrictions to cities, was explored using a hypothetical supply chain network. The characteristics of distribution networks were also investigated using the supply chain network equilibrium model that can take into account multiple channels. Results showed that the implementation of urban logistics policies might influence whole supply chain network.

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Tram-Train is one of the convenient railway transport systems which connect urban center and its suburbs in the local cities. Recently, in Germany and neighboring countries, some cities introduced and some cities are implementing tram-train system. In this Paper, key issues for the implementation of tram-train became clear through the literature survey and interviews to three German cities, one French city and German experts in this field.

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Various treatments of the time windows in different logistics schemes produce different economic and environmental results. Besides their economic perspective, this paper compares the environment-related effects of the Hard Time Windows (HTW) and the Semi Soft Time Windows (SSTW). Along with using exact solution techniques for both the HTW and SSTW scenarios in the Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problem, a detailed-link-based environmental analysis is performed on a practical test instance using real road network. The SSTW case was found not only economically viable but environmentally more sustainable as compared to the HTW case with lower emission intensities.

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In this paper, a study was conducted on the statistics of port cargo officially released by world major countries/areas, in which the methods of collecting data and the details were grasped, and the data were compared among countries, especially focusing on containerized cargo flow in foreign trade. In addition, points to keep in mind in using statistical data and how statistics ought to be in the future were also considered.

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People walking in terminal area who have more varied purpose with various physical conditions is expected to increase. Therefore, the large-scale underground area should be focused as the difficult place for people to recognize their direction. To attain smooth walking, this study examines the Guide by Sign that is one of the basic measures for smooth walking in Large-scale underground area. The authors proposed a system concept of signs and a rule of exit numbering from the view point of sequence while walking. Also digital images are used in experiments which simulate sequential scenes in underground area. It was confirmed that the experiment in a virtual space was able to know people's tendency when he/her is usually walking.

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In this study, the driving simulator experiment examined driving characteristics of vehicles on bicycle-conscious roads in the urban district in Japan, and it was indicated that the development bike lane shared with bicycles and vehicles with the space reallocation prior to bicycles contributed to both the safety of the bicycles and effectiveness of the vehicles. And at the intersection, it was showed that bicycles on roads were easy to be discovered by vehicles turning left than bicycles on sidewalks. In addition, the driving behavior by the experiment clarified the problems that must be settled for the development of bicycle-conscious roads.

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